The Lost and Lonely People of John Ernst Steinbeck (of...

Saint Jude Catholic School High School Department The Lost and Lonely People of John Ernst Steinbeck In partial fulfillment of the requirements for English III Submitted by #32 Lorraine Elizabeth Tan HS III-E Submitted to Mr. Richard Rillo Faculty October 2011 Saint Jude Catholic School Tan/2011 High School Department English III No man is an island, and in the face of loneliness George and Lennie formed a family. It is portrayed that through their companionship they chose to rise above. As George and Lennie depended on each other they were able to dream. Like brothers George and Lennie had their fair share of disagreements but it is clearly seen that George is devoted to Lennie and Lennie†¦show more content†¦S pose you couldn t go into the bunk house and play rummy `cuase you was black...A guy needs somebody--to be near him (Steinbeck) Curley s wife s loneliness has altered her demeanor towards others tremendously, making her overtly insecure and excessively flirtatious. Curley s wife has become virtually another person because of loneliness. Her insecurity is evident by the way she dresses and utilizes her make-up. She uses her appearance to receive attention like when Curley s Wife was standing there looking in. She had full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up. Her fingernails were red. Her hair hung in little rolled clusters, like sausages. She wore a cotton housedress and red mules, on the steps of which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers (Steinbeck) Acting in flirtatious ways is the only way Curley s Wife thinks she can deal with her loneliness. October 2011 Saint Jude Catholic School Tan/2011 High School Department English III Loneliness accounts for much of Lennie s inner conflicts, his dream for the farm, and the desire for friendship and affection. His desire for friendship makes him have an obsession for soft objects. The relationships in Lennie s life do not provide him with a sufficient amount of care and affection that Lennie needs. His mental condition along his uncontrollable strength makes him unable to achieve this sociability. Lennie s feelings and emotions areShow MoreRelatedJohn Steinbecks use of Realism, Characterization, and Dreams in The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men2450 Words   |  10 PagesJohn Ernst Steinbeck has written many award winning novels, some of which has even been produced as plays that captured audiences everywhere. Steinbeck wrote about real life experiences using realism, characterization, and dreams to emphasize his points and make an impact on his readers in order to reform or change society. The realism used in Steinbecks works is not only effective in informing the reader of circumstances that should be changed, but this nineteenth century literary style also createsRead MoreOf Mice And Men : Character Analysis1742 Words   |  7 PagesOf Mice and Men: Character Analysis John Ernst Steinbeck Jr. was an American author wrote many novels including one of his most famous, Of Mice and Men. Of Mice and Men teaches many lessons about the nature of human existence. Each relationship grows throughout this short story and end with a dramatic experience. All of the characters, including Lennie, George, Crooks, and Curley’s wife, admit, at one time or another, to having a profound sense of isolation, seclusion and loneliness. The authorRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1808 Words   |  8 Pageselse to go. If them other guys gets in jail they can rot for all anybody gives a damn. But not us.† Before George and Lennie got to the Ranch they stop and camp out in a clearing. In this passage, George explains their relationship. In Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck honors male friendships, suggesting that they are the most adequate way to overcome the loneliness that infiltrates the world. George relates that loneliness is responsible for much of human misery. Later in the storyline, Candy, Crooks, and

Prohibition and Removal of a Director Essay - 1242 Words

PROHIBITION OF DIRECTOR Before explaining about this point, we must know that prohibition provides protection to the public from directors and managers of companies that have an irresponsible, incompetent or irresponsible to make sure that, for the period of the prohibition, the director was not able to take advantage of the limited liability status of the company, or involved in the management of the company. Because of that company act have taken seriously in this action. In addition, there are six prohibition of director that we have to know. First is, purchase own shares or holding the company shares. Second, provide financial assistance for the purchase of own shares or holding company shares. Third is gives loans and securities†¦show more content†¦Second is, the purchase of the shares must made through the Stock Exchanged. Third, the purchase must also made in good faith and in the interest of the company. Second prohibition for the director is provide financial assistance for the purchase of own shares or holding company’s shares. In section 67(1) generally prohibits the company whose shared are being purchased (targeted company) and its subsidiary from granting financial assistance to the purchaser of the targeted company’s shares. The shares can be purchased directly from the company or from a third party. Next the prohibition of directors is gives loans and securities for loans granted to its director and directors of its related companies. For your information, eventhough Company’s article of association may given power to its board of director to lend money, but it may contrary to section 133(1) of companies act 1965 that said â€Å" a company that other than private company shall not make a loan to a director of the company or of a company which by virtue of section 6 is deemed to be related to that company, or enter into any guarantee or provide any security in connection with a loan made to such director by any other person. So, these sections are prohibiting company giving loans or collateral for loans to the directors and also directors that related companies. A related company means the company holding company, subsidiary, or subsidiary of its holding company.Show MoreRelatedDrugs During The Civil War1421 Words   |  6 Pagesif marijuana was legalized federally it co uld save around $7.7 billion a year in expenditure on enforcement of prohibition and also could yield a tax revenue of $2.4 billion annually if it were to be taxed like all other goods $6.2 billion a year if it were taxed at rates comparable to the taxes on alcohol and tobacco (Miron, Jeffrey A. Executive Summary. Costs of Marijuana Prohibition: Economic Analysis. Harvard University, June 2005. Web. 14 Apr. 2016). 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Findings The key set of AQIs proposed has received significant dialogue from the PCAOB Chairman and the PCAOB’s director of the Office of Research and Analysis. The pilot testing is young, and the future of the measures is yet to be seen. There is a limitation noted that these standards are only a framework. There are variables that could cause these factors toRead More Legalization of Drugs Argument Essay3248 Words   |  13 Pagessubstances can be further broken down into legal and illegal substances. The question then becomes, who are we to place labels on certain substances by deeming them legal and prohibit others by creating penalties for their use? The issue of prohibition is certainly not a new one to our nation. In 1919, the 18th Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale or transportation of alcoholic beverages. Suddenly honest, responsible Americans who just wanted a drink, were turned into criminals. 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The JFK Conspiracy Essay Example For Students

The JFK Conspiracy Essay The JFK ConspiracyIs the government really truthful to us? the people? Government is a really big organization with a hugeamount of members, and its obvious somebody is not telling the truth. Most of these dishonest events take place in an attempt to cover up anyinformation that the government thinks is not for public eyes, but whichwe are supposed to know as citizens of this country. This is called a governmentconspiracy or cover up. Many people believe in conspiracies; someeven believe too much, but its very rare that a person believes the governmentis not hiding at least something from them. There have been hundredsif not thousands of books published on this subject and also numerous TVshows based on conspiracies and cover-ups like the X-Files. Thereare even people who research these events for their enjoyment. There are many internationally known conspiracies,some examples are: the John F. Kennedy assassination, and the Roswell,New Mexico cover-up. Many other conspiracies are not that well known,the TWA flight 800 explosion which was supposedly an accident is one example. Probably the most famous government conspiracy of all is the John F. Kennedyassassination on November 22, 1963. Most people think that the Kennedyfamily was an all around perfect American family. Well they werenot. Im going to talk about the JFK assassination and why the governmentdid not reveal some very important information about the incident to thepublic. Like I already said the Kennedies werenot a perfect family. Johns father, Joe Kennedy was a bootleggerduring the prohibition and was also tied up with Mafia. He made ahuge fortune dealing with Mafia and bootlegging, Joe was also the one whoprovided his son with a $250 million fortune when John was just in his20s. Otherwise, how else could a 20 something year old guy acquirea 250 million dollar capital in the 1950s. John F. Kennedy was not always honest himself,he did not win the presidential election honestly, his father asked theMafia ? Gambino crime family to help his son beat Nixon. Gambinofaked and stuffed ballots. During his term John received money fromGambino and two other important crime families. But this tribute did not last long, Johnsbrother, whom he had appointed to a very high government position launcheda very serious campaign to eliminate Mafia controlled hotels and casinoswhich were numerous around the country. The campaign turned out tobe very successful which put Gambino into a very bad situation ? his profitswere dropping by millions each week and his men were arrested one by one. The Mafia world was furious and JFK wasannounced a double crosser which meant he was relying on help from themafia, but at the same time trying to eliminate them. And in theMafia world there is only one answer to a double crosser ? a hit. Oswald was hired to do the job, although it is still a mystery by whichcrime family. John Fitzgerald. Kennedy was shot at three times withtwo bullets making it to the head on November 22, 1963. John died in a hospital bed, his body wastaken for an autopsy and the FBI conducted a long investigation on themurder. Oswald was arrested and imprisoned for life, but none ofthe Mafia was touched. The government covered this incident up becausethey were aware of JFKs connections to the Mafia and that the CIA wasinvolved with the same people in a campaign to assassinate Fidel Castroof Cuba. So if the public knew this information it would presentgreat danger to the stability of the government. .ue6f8e91821a7106f16f59994b0004ce4 , .ue6f8e91821a7106f16f59994b0004ce4 .postImageUrl , .ue6f8e91821a7106f16f59994b0004ce4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue6f8e91821a7106f16f59994b0004ce4 , .ue6f8e91821a7106f16f59994b0004ce4:hover , .ue6f8e91821a7106f16f59994b0004ce4:visited , .ue6f8e91821a7106f16f59994b0004ce4:active { border:0!important; } .ue6f8e91821a7106f16f59994b0004ce4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue6f8e91821a7106f16f59994b0004ce4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue6f8e91821a7106f16f59994b0004ce4:active , .ue6f8e91821a7106f16f59994b0004ce4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue6f8e91821a7106f16f59994b0004ce4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue6f8e91821a7106f16f59994b0004ce4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue6f8e91821a7106f16f59994b0004ce4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue6f8e91821a7106f16f59994b0004ce4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue6f8e91821a7106f16f59994b0004ce4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue6f8e91821a7106f16f59994b0004ce4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue6f8e91821a7106f16f59994b0004ce4 .ue6f8e91821a7106f16f59994b0004ce4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue6f8e91821a7106f16f59994b0004ce4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: BUSINESS LOYALTY EssayThe FBIs report said Oswald killed JohnKennedy but it had nothing in it about the Mafia. Also when the autopsywas conducted on John ? the brain that doctors supposedly took out of hishead was a full size, unharmed, adult brain. But Kennedy was shotin the head twice and it was very vivid how a good part of his brain splatteredout on the street. Now many theories exist in the world aboutthe assassination in general and certain parts of JFKs life. Almostall of them are false and completely out of the blue with no particularevidence to prove them, but some could be true. This conspiracy hasbeen researched for 32 years and will be researched even more just likeall the other government conspiracies and cover-ups.

Claudius And Hamlet Essay Research Paper Claudius free essay sample

Claudius And Hamlet Essay, Research Paper Claudius A ; Hamlet, would the inhumane and ill character delight measure forth.Upon reading the sampling of # 8220 ; Hamlet # 8221 ; unfavorable judgments in John Jump # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Hamlet ( Selections ) # 8221 ; I disagreed with a few of the critics, but my analysis was the most different from Wilson Knight # 8217 ; s reading. He labels Hamlet as # 8220 ; a ill, misanthropic, and inhumane prince # 8221 ; ( Jump, 124 ) who vitiated a Denmark which was # 8220 ; one of healthy and robust life, good-nature, wit, romantic strength, and welfare. # 8221 ; In his book, The Wheel of Fire, he continues this line of idea to reason that Claudius is # 8220 ; a good and soft male monarch, enmeshed by the concatenation of causality associating him with his offense. And this concatenation he might, possibly, have broken except for Hamlet # 8221 ; ( Jump, 125 ) .Although Knight # 8217 ; s positions of Hamlet and Claudius are about the utmost antonym of my reading, I understand h ow he developed this reading. Hamlet becomes ill and misanthropic after the decease of his male parent, whom he greatly admired, and the headlong remarriage of his female parent to his uncle. Hamlet thinks his male parent was an # 8220 ; first-class male monarch, # 8221 ; who loved his female parent so much # 8220 ; that he may might non beteem the air currents of heaven/ Visit her face to approximately # 8221 ; ( I, ii, 140-141 ) . However, his female parent mourned for # 8220 ; a small month # 8221 ; and so she married a adult male who was # 8220 ; no more like [ his ] father/ Than [ he ] to Hercules # 8221 ; ( I, ii, 153-152 ) . These extraordinary events cause him to establish into a province of melancholy and depression in which he desires # 8220 ; that this excessively excessively solid flesh would run # 8221 ; ( I, ii, 129 ) . In this melancholy, Hamlet loses becomes disenchanted with life, and to him the universe seems # 8220 ; weary, stale, level, and unprofitable # 8221 ; ( I, ii, 133 ) . L ater in the most celebrated of his monologue # 8217 ; s, Hamlet contemplates perpetrating suicide because he is troubled by # 8220 ; the slings and pointers of hideous luck # 8221 ; ( III, I, 58 ) . His neutrality for life, and his wants for decease are a definite indicants of Hamlet # 8217 ; s sickness.Hamlet # 8217 ; s illness is besides shown through his strong relationship, surrounding on compulsion, with his female parent. Throughout the drama he invariably worries about her, and becomes angry when thought of her relationship with Claudius. In his first monologue, Hamlet becomes enraged when he thinks about her # 8220 ; incestuous sheet, # 8221 ; and in defeat he makes the irrational generalisation that, # 8220 ; Frailty, thy name is adult female! # 8221 ; ( I, ii, 146 ) . In the cupboard scene, Hamlet treats his female parent cruelly, and he accuses her of being involved in the secret plan to kill his male parent. Once once more, he dwells on her # 8220 ; enseam # 8 217 ; d bed/ Stew # 8217 ; vitamin D in corruptness # 8221 ; ( III, four, 92-93 ) . In his farewell words to Gertrude, Hamlet instructs her to non # 8220 ; allow the bloat king tempt you once more to his bed. # 8221 ; ( III, four, 182 ) . He is excessively concerned with his female parent # 8217 ; s relationship with Claudius, and this is merely a portion of his complex sickness.Wilson Knight besides claims that Hamlet is # 8220 ; inhumane. # 8221 ; This is clearly demonstrated through his relationship with the just Ophelia. Hamlet originally professes his love for Ophelia during his trials to her cupboard, and through the love missive which he writes to her. However, during the nunnery scene, when Ophelia tries to return Hamlet # 8217 ; s gifts, he retorts # 8220 ; I neer gave you nothing, # 8221 ; ( III, I, 97 ) and he goes on to state her, # 8220 ; I loved you non # 8221 ; ( III, I, 119 ) . Subsequently in this scene he tells Ophelia that she should travel to a nunner y. He brutally insults the adult females whom he said he loved, and this greatly disturbs her. During The Mousetrap, Hamlet one time once more has no respect for Ophelia # 8217 ; s feelings, and he mocks her by seting his caput in her lap and bantering with her. Hamlet is besides responsible for the decease of Ophelia # 8217 ; s male parent, Polonius. In the cupboard scene, Hamlet misidentify her male parent for the male monarch, and he fatally stabbed him. Gertrude called this # 8220 ; a roseola and bloody deed # 8221 ; ( III, three, 27 ) . He subsequently shows that he has no compunction for this inhumane actions when he tells Claudius that Polonius is # 8220 ; at supper? non where he eats, but where he is eaten # 8221 ; ( IV, two, 18-20 ) . Hamlet # 8217 ; s harsh and barbarous intervention of Ophelia and his slaying of her male parent lead to the lunacy which finally overtook her. She became overwrought by Hamlet # 8217 ; s rejection and the decease of her male parent. T his lunacy caused her to perpetrate self-destruction by leaping from the span. Therefore, Hamlet can be held responsible for her decease. If he hadn # 8217 ; T treated her in such a barbarous mode, her life would non hold ended so soon.Hamlet besides reveals an inhumane and misanthropic side at the sedate scene. When Laertes proclaims his love for Ophelia and his sorrow for her decease, Hamlet rushes from his privacy and leaps into the grave after Laertes. Hamlet abuses Laertes when he states, # 8220 ; Forty thousand brothers/ Could non, with all their measure of love, / Make up my amount # 8221 ; ( V, I, 234-236 ) . He is so misanthropic that he doubts that Laertes is sincere, even though there is no cogent evidence that Laertes is non being absolutely honest. His concern for his sister was shown when he gives her brotherlike advice before he goes off. At the funeral when the priest implies that Ophelia should be buried # 8220 ; in land profane have log # 8217 ; vitamin D, # 8221 ; ( V, I, 239 ) Laertes protests, and he claims that Ophelia shall go a # 8220 ; ministering angel # 8221 ; ( V, I, 251 ) . Hamlet had no right to doubt Laertes and to dispute him at this clip of great heartache, but Hamlet has become so misanthropic that he has no respects for Laertes, and he intervenes and causes a fight.Wilson Knight besides states that Denmark was topographic point of # 8220 ; healthy and robust life, good-nature, temper, romantic strength, and public assistance # 8221 ; ( Jump, 125 ) . The two buffoons of act five, scene one show the general public assistance of the province. The buffoons, as in most Shakespearian dramas, are symbols of the common people of the land. When we foremost encounter the buffoons they are discoursing the fortunes of Ophelia # 8217 ; s decease, but they shortly begin to jest with each other in a gay manner, and the First Clown tells the Second Clown a gag. Later in the scene, the First Clown engages into his work and he sings an amusing vocal. This indicates that the common people are comparatively satisfied, and they are in the place where they can appreciate wit and happen some enjoyment from their lives.Another indicant of the # 8220 ; good-nature # 8221 ; of the province is the imbibing usage of Claudius # 8217 ; tribunal. In his melancholy province, Hamlet can merely see this as something which # 8220 ; makes [ them ] traduc # 8217 ; vitamin D and revenue enhancement # 8217 ; vitamin D of other states # 8221 ; ( I, iii, 18 ) . However, this usage reveals that the state is comfortable plenty so that they can # 8220 ; bray out. # 8221 ; The fact that the people have something to observe shows that at least the tribunal is content with their lives, and they are taking clip to bask the prosperity of Denmark. Possibly this usage was non followed in the times of Old Hamlet because his reign was non every bit comfortable as Claudius # 8217 ; or possibly the tribunal is more content now that Clau dius has the thrown.The reclamation of the imbibing usage may expose a positive side of Claudius # 8217 ; reign. This fits Knight # 8217 ; s observation that Claudius is # 8220 ; a good and soft male monarch # 8221 ; ( Jump, 125 ) . Claudius is a skilled diplomat who seems to be good liked by his people. His diplomatic accomplishments can be seen in his good relationship with the male monarch of England. They are on such close footings that the British male monarch is willing to host Hamlet for a recovery period. Claudius besides demonstrates his accomplishments through his traffics with Cornelius and Voltimand. He sagely advises them to travel to Norway to negociate peace with Fortinbras. This is in crisp contrast to Old Hamlet who plunged Denamrk into war with Norway. The people are besides instead fond of Norway. Their fancy of Claudius is indicated through the actions of Rosencratz and Guildenstern. Claudius employs them to happen the cause of Hamlet # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; fa ntastic disposition. # 8221 ; This shows how Claudius is genuinely concerned with his step-son # 8217 ; s good being. Rosencratz and Guildenstern take an immediate liking to Claudius, and they are # 8220 ; give up [ themselves ] in the full set, / To put [ their ] services freely at [ his ] pess # 8221 ; ( II, two, 30-31 ) . This is a clear illustration of how Claudius # 8217 ; capable support him. Another indicant of the people # 8217 ; s support of Claudius is that he was elected by the people to go male monarch. Hamlet was the inheritor apparent, but Claudius was elected by the peopl e. This might be an indication that the people desired a change in the way that the country was governed, so they elected Claudius instead of Old Hamlet’s son. Old Hamlet was also stuck in purgatory, and he was unable to go to heaven â€Å"till the foul crimes done in m days of nature/ are burnt and purg’d away† (I, iv, 12-13). This indicates that Old Hamlet may not have been as pure as the reader is led to believe, and perhaps Claudius truly was the better king.Although I see the validity of Wilson Knight’s interpretation of the play, I disagree with his views. Hamlet is not the â€Å"sick, cynical, and inhumane prince† which Knight describes. His sadness is great, but under the circumstances it is not excessive. His father, who he looked up to was recently killed, and his mother married his uncle within a month. To add to his troubles, he receives a visit from the ghost of his father which urges him to â€Å"revenge [Claudius] foul and most unn atural murder† (I, V, 24) of old Hamlet. It is only logical that under these circumstances, Hamlet would be under great duress, and it would not be abnormal for him to express grief or appear to be â€Å"sick.†Wilson Knight also overlooks the positive sides of Hamlet. At the end of the nunnery scene, Ophelia laments the that â€Å"a noble mind is here overthrown:/ The courtier’s, soldier’s, scholar’s eye, tongue, sword† ( III, i, 153-154). Hamlet is the renaissance man who is well rounded in all areas. He has a tremendous acting abilities, and he is a scholar who analyzes everything and is very philosophical, as was shown in his assessment of life in the â€Å"To be, or not to be† soliloquy. Hamlet’s philosophical side is also brought to light in the prayer scene. At this point he has the opportunity to kill Claudius while he is attempting to repent. However, Hamlet does not take action because he desires kill Claudius â€Å"wh en he is drunk asleep, or in his rage/ Or in the incestuous pleasure of his bed,† so that â€Å"his soul will be as damn’d and black/ As hell, whereto it goes† (III, iii, 90-96). Here, Hamlet’s honor code and Christian code are in sharp conflict. If Hamlet did not debate the murder, and he instantly killed Claudius without hesitation, then he would be â€Å"sick and inhumane.† However, his contemplation of the ramifications of his actions show that he is thinking clearly, and he has not turned into a sick and cynical prince who is obsessed with revenge.One of the points which Wilson Knight may use to prove his interpretation is the exchange between Ophelia and Hamlet in the nunnery scene. At this point Hamlet is rather cruel to her, but there is â€Å"method to his madness.† In the middle of the scene he asks Ophelia, â€Å"Where’s your father?† (III, i, 131). This indicates that he has become aware of Polonius’ presence. It is after this point that Hamlet launches his most vicious attack upon Ophelia when he criticizes that she † jigs, ambles lisps, and â€Å"make[s] [her] wantonness [her] ignorance† (III, i, 147). Hamlet is not being â€Å"inhumane.† He is cruel to Ophelia because he believes that she is collaborating with Polonius to spy on him, and is trying to deceive Polonius into thinking that he is mad. Knight also claims that he treats Getrude cruelly, but he â€Å"must be cruel only to be kind† (III, iv, 178). He is concerned that his mother will die in sin, and be stuck in purgatory along with his true father. In order to prevent this, Hamlet tries to make her see her wrong doings, and the only way to go about this was to act harshly.Another point to counter Knight’s claim that Hamlet is inhumane is the Prince’s relationship with the scholar Horatio. Horatio is Hamlet’s friend from Wittenberg who comes to Elsinore to see Old Hamlet’s funeral. He is a noble stoic who is by far the most pure character in the play. Horatio is one of the few characters who never tries to deceive anyone, and who doesn’t get involved in any crooked plots. Before the Mousetrap, Hamlet calls Horatio â€Å"as just a man/ As e’er [his] conversation cop’d withal† (III, ii, 55-56). This connection between Hamlet and Horatio is so strong that at the end of the play when Hamlet is dying, Horatio is moved to attempt suicide because he is â€Å"more an antique Roman than a Dane† (V, ii, 345). The strong connection between Horatio and Hamlet is important because the pure and wise Horatio would not associate himself with a â€Å"a sick, cynical, and inhumane prince.† This is further evidence which casts doubt upon Knight’s analysis of Hamlet.Wilson Knight also suggests that the state of Denmark is â€Å"one of healthy and robust life, good-nature, humor, romantic strength, and welfare.† (Jum p, 125). However, there are a great deal of textual evidence which indicates that this is an incorrect conclusion. When Bernardo and Francisco are keeping guard, Francisco notes that â€Å"tis bitter cold,/ And I am sick at heart† (I, i, 7-8). The guards are representative of the common people of Denmark, and his comment can be interpreted that the entire state of Denmark is sick at heart due to the recent death of Old Hamlet and Claudius’ ascension to the thrown. Upon seeing the ghost of Old Hamlet, Horatio comments, â€Å"This bodes some strange eruption to our state† (I, i, 69). Even the scholar who was hesitant to believe in ghosts is now convinced that Denmark is headed for trouble. After the ghost makes his second appearance, Marcellus notes, â€Å"Something is rotten in the state of Denmark† (I, iv, 90). Theses observations in the first act are clear indications that Denmark has transformed into a state of chaos.The most glaring weakness of Wilson Knight’s interpretation of Hamlet is his conclusion that Claudius is â€Å"a good and gentle king, enmeshed by the chain of causality linking him with his crime† (Jump, 125). Knight dismisses the murder of Old Hamlet too easily. As John Jump states, â€Å"Claudius was no impulsive offender, suddenly acting our of character. He deliberately and treacherously poisoned his mistress’s husband, a man who was his brother and his king† (Jump, 125). Claudius is saddled with the responsibility for the murder of Old Hamlet, but he does not even consider repenting until the he realizes that Hamlet is planning to seek revenge. However, when he thinks about repent, he wonders â€Å"May one be pardon’d and retain the offence?† (III, iii, 67). Claudius sees the benefits of repenting, yet he does not want to give up the prizes of his sin. Ultimately, Claudius rises and his â€Å"thoughts remain below† even though his â€Å"words fly up† (III, iii, 98-99). The King is unable to repent because his prayers are insincere. Is this a good and gentle king?Not only is Claudius unable to repent, but throughout the play he is extremely manipulative of many of the other characters. When Laertes challenges that Claudius is responsible for the madness of his sister and the death of his father, Claudius deftly avoids the situation, and he forms an alliance with Laertes. Claudius suggests that Laertes uses, â€Å"A sword unbated, and, in a pass of practice/ Requite [Hamlet] for your father† (IV, vii, 137-138). Cladius further thickens the plot by adding that he will prepare a â€Å"chalice for the nonce, where on but sipping/ If he by chance escapes [Laertes] venom’d stuck,/ [their] purpose may hold there† (IV, vii, 159-161). Claudius engineers this vicious plot, and it results in the death of Laertes, Hamlet, and Gertrude. During his reign the â€Å"kind and gentle† King concocted a plot which resulted in t he death of three members of the Danish royalty, he murdered his brother, the former King of Denmark, and entered into an incestuous relationship with his brothers wife.While constructing Wilson Knight’s argument, I gained a full understanding of how he derived his interpretation of the play, and I began to support his interpretation. However, as I began to deconstruct his argument, I realized that there are many weaknesses to his interpretation, and I realized the strengths of my interpretation. This is the challenge of literature. It can be interpreted in so many different manners, and at times the vastly different interpretations can greatly confuse students. It is the students responsibility to take criticisms into consideration, but to derive their own unique interpretation based upon their studies.

Marriage A Legal Form Of Slavery Essays - , Term Papers

Marriage: A Legal Form of Slavery In the society of Mill's time period a woman's destiny was to be dainty, delicate, patient and graceful. She grew up without education, without having a career and without having the right to vote on laws and issues that pertained to her. The only choice that these women had was to get married and with this marriage she gave away every right that she had. In other words she is now worse off that a slave that actually had more rights and privileges than she. After marriage she has nothing of her own to claim not even her children. Men did not care about her rights, they grew up with a mind set that they controlled everything, that their wives were to be obedient and that their offspring were his and he claimed them as his and only his if the woman were to leave. Every little boy was raised with this sense of superiority. A woman could not do what a man could; she could not be educated because her role was to be a mother and nothing else. With a woman decided to marry it wasn't always of her choice, it was more of that there was no other opportunity for her. When married everything that she owned was now her husbands, including anything valuable that was hers. She could not even claim her children as her own even if her husband were dead. If he left his children to someone other than his wife she may have not even been able to see them. Anything that the wife did her husband was responsible for. She was more or less treated as if she were a child herself. A husband could also beat his wife or commit spousal rape without any punishment. As Mill says that, "Men are not required, as a preliminary to the marriage ceremony, to prove by testimonials that they are fit to be trusted with the exercise of absolute power," he means that what they may say does not mean that is what they are held to and do in their marriage (Mill 35). Even though in most marriages the husbands are not power hungry against their own wives, a married woman is worse off than a slave in that day of age. A slave compared to a married woman has more rights than she does. A slave can claim their own valuable properties and does not have to hand anything of theirs over to their slaveholder. Unlike a married woman a slave is not a slave all hours of the day. He has a fixed schedule of chores that he does in a day and once they are completed he is son. A slave does have a life of his own when he is off duty. A slave also has time for his own family when he is not working. A married woman is always on duty; she has no time for herself to make a life of her own. She is totally committed to her husband and all of his needs without time for herself. Slaves can actually have time for themselves and do what they please in their own interests. What Mill is trying to say is that as a married woman she has lesser rights than that of a slave. Mill shows a good parallel comparing a woman to a slave, which makes an impact on male readers that did not think very highly of black slaves. That is why thi s analogy is very good. Saying that slaves have more rights than their women might make men think of why it is that slaves have these rights and women do not. In conclusion Mill did a good job of getting his point across and in an interesting way. Saying that since marriage is legal and women are treated worse than slaves it is a legal form of slavery. This is true in many situations of this time. The best point that is made is that a slave is not a slave all hours of the day and does have a life of his own. Many women did not have this luxury unless they were of an upper class, which made all

How to Cite a Website in Oxford Referencing

How to Cite a Website in Oxford Referencing How to Cite a Website in Oxford Referencing With computers now everywhere, it’s common to cite a website or two in academic writing. And to do this with Oxford referencing, you’ll need two things: footnote citations and an entry in a bibliography. The format for Oxford citations may depend on which version you’re using, so remember to check your style guide if you have one. But if you’re not sure where to start, our guide to referencing a website should help. Referencing a Website in Footnote Citations Footnote citations are indicated via superscript numbers in the main text: This is how a citation should look in your document.1 The first time you reference a website, use the following format: n. Initial(s). Surname, â€Å"Page Title,† Website [website], publication date, section/paragraph number (if applicable), URL, accessed date. You should then end up with something like this: 1. P. Philips, â€Å"Going Beyond: How to Reach Mars,† Space Travel [website], 2015, www.spacetravel.org/mars-travel, accessed August 2, 2018. If the website has more than one author, use â€Å"and† to separate the final two: 2. A. Moretti and T. Pepe, Mars Remains an Unattainable Dream [website], 2016, www.spaceexploration.com/aliens, accessed September 6, 2018. If the website has four or more authors, use â€Å"et al.† after the first name: 3. W. Ellis et al., â€Å"Has NASA Finally Outdone Itself?,† The Big Questions [website], 24 June 2014, www.thebigquestions.org/NASA, accessed September 4, 2016. If quoting part of a web page, note the paragraph or section after the date: 4. T. Harper, â€Å"Experiencing Space,† Space from Above [website], 2014, para. 10, www.spacefromabove.com/experiencing, accessed September 5, 2018. Sometimes, you might not be able to find the author or date of publication for a page on a website. If this happens, use the publishing organization in place of the author and/or write â€Å"[no date]† in place of the date of publication: 5. Space from Above, â€Å"Endless Darkness,† Space from Above [website], [no date], para. 2, www.spacefromabove.com/void, accessed September 7, 2018. As shown above, if the publishing organization is the same as the website, you do not have to repeat this information after the page title. Subsequent Footnotes After citing a source once, you can use a shortened footnote format if you cite it again later in the document. One common approach is to give the author’s surname and a relevant paragraph number. Another approach is to use the Latin abbreviations â€Å"ibid.,† â€Å"op cit.,† and â€Å"loc. cit.†: Ibid. (meaning â€Å"in the same place†) – We use this to cite the same source twice in a row. These are known as consecutive citations. Make sure to include a new page number if you’re citing a different part of the same text. Op. cit. (â€Å"in the work cited†) – Used for citing a different part of the text in a non-consecutive citation (i.e., when you have cited at another source since the initial footnote). Give this after the author’s surname. If you have cited more than one source by the author, include a shortened source title. Loc. cit. (â€Å"in the place cited†) – As above, but we use this one when citing the same page as in the initial footnote citation. If you have one, it is worth checking your university’s style guide to see if it specifies a shortened citation format. But whichever method you use, make sure to apply it consistently in your document. Adding a Website in an Oxford Bibliography At the end of your document, you should add all cited sources to a bibliography. The format to use here for a website is as follows: Surname, Initial(s), â€Å"Page Title,† Website Name [website], date of publication, URL, accessed date. In practice, then, the bibliography entry for a website would look like this: Philips, P., â€Å"Going Beyond: How to Reach Mars,† Space Travel [website], 2015, www.spacetravel.org/mars-travel, (accessed August 2, 2018). As with footnotes, if a website doesn’t have a named author, use the publishing organization. If there is no date, write â€Å"[no date]† to show this.

Is the U.S. Winning the Drug War in Latin America Research Paper

Is the U.S. Winning the Drug War in Latin America - Research Paper Example CON: No the U.S. is NOT winning the war on drugs in Latin America because†¦ 1. War on drugs has been a waste of precious time and resources that could have been put to better use elsewhere 2. The war on drugs has been problematic for the Latin American governments specifically as they are ones being subjected to mass murders and violence like never before 3. War has led to weakened institutions and social instability in these countries leading to more wiggle-room for these cartels 4. According to the figures, consumption of illegal drugs has steadily increased in the United States. The United States Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano believes that the war on drugs is a success. According to her "I would not agree with the premise that the drug war is a failure," Napolitano said. "It is a continuing effort to keep our peoples from becoming addicted to dangerous drugs." The U.S. government undertakes this campaign with the help of participating countries, mostly from Latin America. The aims of this campaign are several. Firstly, the American War on Drugs aims to reduce illegal drug trade. Secondly, their goal is to fight leftist political movements, riots and revolts in other countries. The accompanying laws set out strict policies and rulings in order to put a damper on the production, distribution and consumption of targeted substances. (Grillo and Garcia, 2012; The White House.gov, n.d.) The United States undertook the War on Drugs during the Nixon administration and forty years on it is still raging. It is an extremely controversial operation by the United States on the international illegal drug trade. The War on Drugs has been on for a long time. And many believe that it is being won too. (Grillo and Garcia, 2012) The American war on drugs is considered a success because it is steadily accomplishing its goals of deterring illicit drugs from entering United States. Even though the act still happens, the border patrol security has been catch ing criminals in the act which are later tried in the court of law. This has made many drug traffickers move on to different trade as the danger and stigma associated with drug transportation has increased significantly. The drug trade has many harmful effects on the safety, health and security of the American citizens. (The White House.gov, n.d.) U.S. and Mexican law enforcement officials are of the opinion that the current wave of violence in Mexico and other Latin American countries is due to the fact that the war on drugs is creating intense pressures on the drug-related organizations and these come clashing into each other. "If the drug effort were failing there would be no violence," a senior U.S. official said Wednesday. There is violence "because these guys are flailing. We're taking these guys out. The worst thing you could do is stop now." (De-Cordoba) Drug users put a huge strain on society and cocaine related violence is an example of what it does to drug abusers and tho se around them. Therefore, it is important to support the war on drugs. It may seem expensive, but the effect of drug abuser on our society’s health is even more costly in the long run. (United Nations, 1994) Compared to 30 years ago, there has been a 46% decrease in cocaine use among young adults in the past five years. Another facet of this is the education program for teenagers and young adults in which they are educated about the perils of drug abuse. Even though

Story outline of one minute film idea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Story outline of one minute film idea - Essay Example The eagles respond that he is simply taking a walk through the forest. The rabbit then coyly asks the eagle for money. In the forth panel, the frame shifts to a close up of the eagle. He has just been asked by the rabbit for money and his face is shrieking in disgust and anger. He responds that the rabbit cannot have any money from him and that the rabbit should search somewhere else for the money. After rejecting the rabbit’s request, the frame shifts slightly and the viewer sees that there is another rabbit walking back from around a tree. This rabbit sees the two talking and shouts out, â€Å"Hey, don’t dawdle over there!† The film rapidly cuts again. This time to a behind the shoulder shot of a fourth rabbit. The rabbit is watching the eagle being surrounded by the earlier rabbits. The eagles’ face has suddenly shifted from his jovial laughing to a sudden and worrisome scowl. One of the rabbits is heard saying in a foreboding tone, â€Å"What are you laughing at?† The frame continues from the same perspective but follows the rabbit in slowly walking towards the eagle. This gives the effect of placing the viewer in the rabbit’s position and also gives the viewer of the impending worry and doom the eagle is facing in being surrounded by the rabbits. This time a different rabbit states, â€Å"You don’t take us seriously.† Suddenly, another rabbit appears and then another and another. The frame dissolves out from the infusion of rabbits into the

Unit 7 paper biochem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unit 7 paper biochem - Essay Example As the extent and the strength of the exercises increases, the aerobic system (mitochondrial or oxidative system) takes over and provides the energy needed. Therefore, the first few minutes of running involve anaerobic activity, but as the intensity of the exercise increases during running and weight lifting, aerobic activity takes over to oxidise the previously produced pyruvate into more ATP to sustain the body during the exercise. These energy systems are interdependent of each other and work concurrently in the body. Based on the meal plan above, rice is the key carbohydrate food that is rich in starch. Skim milk, in addition, contains carbohydrates in the form of lactose (milk sugar). Beans also contain the polysaccharide starch. Protein foods include chicken, beans, and skim milk (whey proteins). Olive oil, skim milk, and ranch dressing contain fats. Olive oil, ranch salad, and chicken contain unsaturated fats, whereas skim milk contains exceptionally small quantities of saturated fats since skim milk usually has a low quantity of fat compared to whole milk. The salad contains vitamins, minerals, and roughage (fiber), which do not undergo digestion in the alimentary canal. When food is ingested in the mouth, the grinding action of the teeth (mechanical digestion) breaks it down into small pieces as saliva lubricates it. Chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth where salivary amylase (ptyalin) digests starch into maltose. In the stomach, waves of muscular contractions called peristalsis (mechanical digestion) further squeeze the food, aiding in mechanical digestion. The gastric cells in the stomach walls secrete acidic juices including hydrochloric acid that create a favourable environment for the enzyme pepsin, which digests proteins into peptides. The partially digested food passes to the duodenum where most of the enzymatic digestion takes place. The pancreas

Community Policing and Community Safety and Security

Community Policing and Community Safety and Security What, if anything, can community policing do to reduce crime and improve community safety and security? Introduction While an original concept of community policing may be found in what is referred to as the Peelian Principles (the police are the people and the people are the police[1]) modern definitions have become much more complex. A comprehensive definition developed by the United States Department of Justice, describes it as a philosophy that promotes operational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem solving techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder and fear of crime[2]. In this essay an attempt is made to evaluate current community policing practices to determine if they present a viable strategy to reduce crime and improve community safety and security. Policing in the 21st Century What has made implementation the community policing philosophy difficult has been that, while the words serve and protect appear in the mottos of many police forces/services throughout the world, the changing social order of the mid 20th century coupled to advancing technology saw the police become more isolated and disconnected from the communities they were ostensibly serving and protecting. At the same time, crime and social disorder left society feeling threatened and, to an extent, abandoned leading to an us and them scenario emerging within both the police and society. The police were seen, at best, as crime fighters and, at worst, instruments of the state attempting to enforce order. Academic papers in the late 20th century saw the emergence of Zimbardos broken windows theory[3] and Wilson and Kellings (1982) work distinguishing between crime and the fear of crime leading to what was ultimately termed zero tolerance policing. While successful in certain areas, this approach further entrenched the us and them mindset and served to alienate large portions of certain communities. Furthermore, by the end of the 20th century the increased global focus on human rights, transparency and accountability required a more holistic approach to addressing crime, safety and security. Fundamentally, the works conducted by Zimbardo and Wilson and Kelling correctly identified psycho-socio aspects of modern living but, at that time, the response by authorities failed to take into consideration that the issues could not be dealt with solely by the police acting in an enforcement or crime fighting role. Furthermore, while law enforcement and crime fighting remain important functions of the police, recent research indicates that one third of incidents that police respond to are social work as opposed to crime related (Karn, 2013)[4]. In considering responses to these issues it was recognised that collective efficacy needed to be developed with the community reinforcing informal control mechanisms over itself in partnership with the police that could, when required, act as a law enforcer, mediator or conduit to other means of assistance. Community policing has thus emerged as a mechanism through which collective efficacy can be developed or reinstated in communities. In essence, public safety, security and policing change from being police business to being everyones business[5]. Building this collective efficacy through a community policing programme is, however, both complex and time consuming requiring a fundamental change in both the philosophy and practice of policing using a decentralised and proactive, problem solving approach to the work carried out by the police which, in turn, is supported by community engagement and through partnerships with other agencies (Mackenzie and Henry, 2009). More specifically, the changes that are required cannot simply be a modification of existing practices but rather requires actual changes to be made from senior management through to front line officers. Requirements for effective community policing For community policing to be effective, the priority has to be the establishment of mutual trust which is required for effective interaction. Where this trust is missing, no amount of legislation or policy documents will be able to progress effective police/community interaction. For example, in South Africa, the Interim Constitution requires the establishment of Community Police Forums (CPF)[6] which is further strengthened through the South African Police Service Act of 1995 which formally directs the functions of the CPFs at station level. So while there appears to be intent at the highest political level to implement community policing, the implementation has been described as largely symbolic (Pelser, 2000)[7] with little being done to ensure the establishment of close mutually beneficial ties between the police and community. This stems partially from the history of the country which saw a paramilitary force acting as law enforcers for the government thereby alienating much of the population. The transition to a police service saw some key elements required for community policing to be enacted, such as decentralisation of authority, but the police service has of yet been largely unable to effectively engage with the majority of communities. Establishing this trust with the community cannot however take place unless there are changes changes brought around to the traditional bottom-down management styleapplied in the police. While strategic implementation requires policy decisions to be made at senior levels and directed downwards, a bottom-up approach is required if meaningful community engagement is to be achieved. This requires a restructuring to empower and support the front line officer who interacts with the community on a daily basis so that the officer is in a position exercise initiative and make decisions that are both relevant to the community and supported by police management. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to ensure that the officers engaged in community policing receive specialised training in a variety of non-traditional law enforcement disciplines such as conflict resolution, mediation and engagement in culturally diverse environments. In addition to human resources, financial resources are also required to ensure an effective community policing programme. Government funding is imperative to ensure that problems identified by the community are met in an effective and timely fashion. If this does not occur, the trust required will be eroded and the perceived usefulness of the community policing officers to the community will be undermined. At the same time, community resources can also be tapped to supplement government funding, whether these resources are human, financial or other in-kind contributions. By mobilising the community to accept some element of financial responsibility collective efficacy may also be catalysed. The Impact of Community Policing on Crime, Safety and Security Recent studies have shown that higher numbers of police does not necessarily lead to a reduction in crime (Bradford, 2011)[8] indicating that more focussed interventions, as opposed to to sheer numbers, are required. This along with overall moves to professionalise the police has led, internationally to a move away from reactive policing towards a more proactive approach with a focus on problem orientated policing (POP) and intelligence-led policing (ILP) and being observed. Problem orientated policing fits with community policing strategies as it focusses on tackling problems identified by local communities and developing an understanding of these problems[9]. This includes determining why they are occurring and identifying appropriate courses of action that can include actors beyond the police. This approach has been recognised as being effective in reducing victimisation and perceptions relating to antisocial behaviour (Quinton and Tuffin, 2006)[10]. The approach most often used to drive POP is known as SARA (scanning, analysis, response and assessment). SARA has proven effective in problem solving as it breaks a complex concept down into easy to manage steps. In the scanning phase, problems are identified, prioritised and stakeholders identified thereby providing a valuable opportunity for the community engagement. In the analysis phase the dynamics, cause and effect of the problem are identified which leads to a response being developed that is specific to the issue at hand. Finally, the actions taken need to be assessed to determine if the problem has been permanently resolved and that the response contributed to the resolution (Clegg et al, 2000)[11]. By following this model, in addition to resolving issues of concern, trust with the community can be developed and strengthened. Importantly, police attention is focussed on issues that are of community concern and not based on political priorities received from central governme nt or one-sided analysis and prioritisation by the local police force/service itself. Recently, the civil unrest that developed in Ferguson, Missouri following the killing of Michael Brown could have possibly been avoided if effective police community engagement mechanisms based on POP/SARA had have been in place. While POP has proven effective in addressing crimes that directly and visibly impact a community, organised crime poses no less of a threat but, due to its often clandestine nature, communities may not be aware of its existence within their neighbourhood. From a policing perspective, intelligence-led policing has proven an essential and effective tool in addressing organised crime. The investigative techniques applied to ILP such as telephone intercepts, informers and undercover operatives may appear, at first glance, to run contrary to the goals of community policing. However, where effective community/police interaction takes place, the community can be made aware of the existence of crime of this nature and local knowledge may prove useful to investigators, be it from victims, witnesses or even perpetrators. The goal however should not be to turn the community into informers but, based on shared interests, provide a service to the benefit of their community. Once again, the issue of trust is of paramount importance with the community feeling free to share information and confident that the police will act on that information in a responsible and effective manner. Conclusion Community policing is a complex and time consuming endeavour however there are clear benefits to be gained from the implementation of functioning programme. Through the development of trust with the community the police will gain access to a larger amount of information that can be useful in the identification of and arrest of offenders. That however cannot be the sole purpose of community policing or where the key value lies. Through the promotion of collective efficacy, communities can start acceptinggreat responsibility for issues of their own safety and security, leading to the police not always being the first or only responder to a variety of problems. In this way, many social order issues can be dealt with through informal mechanisms that may or may not involve the police which as a result can allow the police more opportunity to focus on criminal issues raised by the community. Furthermore, the police are also in a strong position to raise criminal issues, whether petty or of a more serious nature with community, explain the police response and, if possible, devise a course of action that is effective and agreeable to all. Increased police community contact can also be used to diffuse a variety of local issues whether they be of a political, social, ethnic or cultural nature, there by reducing intra or inter community tensions and creating a greater feeling of safety and security for all involved. [1] Police Reform: Power to the People, The Economist, 2 December 2010 [2] Community Policing Defined, US Department of Justice at www.cops.usdoj.gov, e030917193 accessed on 02 September 2014 [3] Zimbardo, P.G. 1969 The Human Choice: Individuation, reason and disorder versus indivduation, impulse and chaos, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation Vol 17 237-307 [4] Karn J 2013 Policing and Crime Reduction, The Police Foundation, Pg 7 [5] Pelser E, Schnetler J, Louw A, Not Everybodys Business: Community Policing in the SAPS Priority Areas, EU Pg 6 [6] Rakgoadi P (1995) Community Policing and Governance, Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, Pg 2 [7] Pelser E, 1999, An Overview of Community Policing in South Africa, in Clegg I, Hunt R, Whetton J (2000) Policy Guidance on Support to Policing in Developing Countries, University of Wales, Pg 114 [8] Bradford B, 2011, Police Numbers and Crime Rates Pg 7 accessed at justiceinspectorates.gov.uk on 5 September 2014 [9] Karn J 2013 Policing and Crime Reduction, The Police Foundation, Pg 19 [10] Quinton P, Tuffin R 2006, Neighbourhood Change: the Impact of the National Reassurance Policing Programme Pg 159 accessed from policing.oxfordjournals.org at the Periodicals Section, LMU on 05 September 2014 [11] Clegg I, Hunt R, Whetton J (2000) Policy Guidance on Support to Policing in Developing Countries, University of Wales, Pg 187

And Then There Were None by Agatha Christie Essays -- Then There Were

And Then There Were None by Agatha Christie And Then There Were None, is an intriguing murder mystery novel that follows the lines of a poem called "Ten Little Indians". The story is intricately written to keep the reader in absolute suspense from the beginning to end. The novel involves eight people being mysteriously invited to spend a summer holiday on "Indian Island". Among the eight are a judge (Justice John Wargrave), doctor (Edward James Armstrong), military general (General John Macarthur), former inspector/current private detective (William Blore), mercenary (Phillip Lombard), young rich athlete (Tony Marston), religious woman (Emily Brent), and a schoolteacher (Vera Claythorne). Additionally, a married couple consisting of a butler (Thomas Rogers) and a maid (Ethel Rogers) are both already present on the island. With the exception of the Rogers', only the host, who is expected to arrive the next day, is absent. As the guests begin talking together, they discover that all of them were invited by a Mr. U.N. Owen. Wargrave surmises that their host's name is fictitious since it so closely resembles the word "unknown." The other guests agree, and tension begins to build. Another mystery is the fact that each of the guests has found a po em titled "Ten Little Indians" in each of their rooms, and mysteriously enough, it appears that there are ten small Indian statuettes arranged at the dinner table. It doesn't take long for each of the guests to realize that the poem and statuettes are representative for each of them. With passing of the first night's dinner, the group hears a mysterious voice condemning each one of them to a specific murder. A phonograph i... ...led, and even made comments to other guests that he was ready to die. In an absolute panic, Vera ends up killing Blore and then, not being able to deal with what is happening, she commits suicide. The last topic of discussion I found was the one pertaining to death. Death occurs continuously throughout the novel. After the guests realize that the other guests are not having mere accidents or killing themselves, they realize they are all going to die. With the exception of Wargrave, all of the island's guests die. Rather, they are all murdered. This was an exceptional novel, masterfully written to propel the reader into feeling the very same fears, doubts and suspicions as the characters. The only thing I didn't like was the fact that Wargrave is never found, nor is there a mention as to why his body is never found.

Daedalus and Icarus Essay

When you take everything into detail, you will notice that the artist, Anthony Van Dyck, painted Icarus (left) very pale. While Daedalus, Icarus’ father, was painted with a darker complexion.The background resembles the color gray, whereas in the story Daedalus and Icarus are surrounded by brick walls, with a lone window that will soon become their escape route. I took into account that Anthony Van Dyck dressed Daedalus in a toga, whereas Icarus is trying to cover himself with what seems to be a blanket that resembles the color of his father’s toga. The wings seem to be more life-like then described in the story. In the story it states that Daedalus made the wings from wax and feathers, and that is what led to the death of Icarus. To conclude, Anthony Van Kyck used pale colors that seem to bring to mind death. Analysis As I said before, Anthony van Dyck used pale colors to paint and this seems very smart because it seems that there is a hint of sadness. With Icarus’ coloring it seems as if he is already dead and the blanket is the burial shroud that the ancient Greeks were either buried in or burned in. Like I said before, the background is gray and unlike the story, it doesn’t show a brick wall with a lone window. This once more brings to mind that it is to foreshadow the tragic end of Icarus. Daedalus seems to have been painted with a darker complexion than his son Icarus which tells you that Daedalus will stay alive and well. If you take into account what the characters are doing in the painting you will notice that while Daedalus is trying to explain how to use the wings, Icarus is daydreaming about flying. This seems to be the reason for his later on demise. Sadly this paintings shows nothing of Icarus’ actual demise, but Anthony Van Dyck does a wonderful job of showing th e creation of the wings and the reason of Icarus’ downfall. Theme The morals of Daedalus and Icarus were listening to superiors, and fear in god(s). The reason for ,listening to superiors, being incorporated with the story is because if Icarus had listened to his father than he would have  never flown to his doom. This is shown in the painting where Daedalus seems to be explaining something to Icarus, but Icarus looks to the distance as if already imagining his upcoming flight. In the book Daedalus explains to Icarus that if he flies too low the ocean spray will cover his wings and make him too heavy to fly. If he flies to high then the sun’s heat will melt the wax and cause him to fall into the ocean, where the strong waves will drown him. Icarus, despite his father’s warning flies high believing he could go higher then the gods themselves and then plummets to his death because the sun’s heat melted the wax. The reason this has to do with fearing the gods is because since he believed he could achieve something that gods coul d angered them. In a way the gods did repay Icarus with misfortune, because Apollo is the sun god and it was his heat the melted the wax and sent Icarus to his watery grave.

Essay Sample on Easter What Is Known About the History of Easter

Essay Sample on Easter What Is Known About the History of Easter This is an essay example on history of Easter. The evidence that Jesus was alive after the crucifixion is overwhelming, and scholars hardly ever argue otherwise. Jesus was seen in many different places and at different times after the crucifixion (John 20, 1 Cor. 15, Mark 16.7, etc.) Some people attempt to explain this by arguing that Jesus never died in the first place, and therefore never really resurrected as Christians claim. This theory is know as the Swoon Theory or the Resuscitation Theory, and was put forth by the German rationalist Venturini sometime in the eighteenth century. Even though there are presently an infinite amount of variations to this theory, they all basically hold that instead of dying, Jesus merely fainted or swooned from exhaustion. Jesus then resuscitated thanks to the effects of the cool damp grave he was placed in, and was finally able to present himself before His disciples as a risen king. In this essay I will explain the basis for the concoction of su ch a theory and the evidence that might support it, as well as give evidence, such as medical and historical facts, that will completely discredit it. Even though the Swoon theory contains very little facts that support it, there are a few events that happened in the crucifixion stories that are used as attempts to give it credibility. A German scholar by the name of Paulus Ð £points out that crucifixion was usually a slow, protracted dying Jesus died in an amazingly short time (Mark 15:44), therefore, he claims, Jesus was not really dead, but that he was in a death-like trance. Paulus also claims that Jesus only received a surface wound from the spear thrusted into his side, not a deathly one. Finally, he suggests that the aromatic spices and cool grave would have been influential enough to wake him up from this trance. Another argument is that the Bible contradicts itself and therefore should not be believed word for word. This is based on the fact that there are some variations in the stories of the crucifixion in the different gospels of Mathew, Mark, Luke, and John. Scholars that support the Swoon Theory also use as evidence the date that the gospels were written. They believe that the gospels arent reliable because they are not eyewitness accounts. Mark, the earliest of the gospels probably wasnt written until 60 AD, a full generation after the events of Jesus life. Yet another excuse, or should I say piece of evidence used to defend this theory, is that the people back then were simply mislead because medical knowledge was not great at that time, so that the disciples, mistaking Him for dead, buried Him alive. This excuse would have also been sufficient to explain why the executioners confirmed Jesus dead (Mark 15.45). Even though the Swoon Theory has some evidence to back it up, there is much more evidence that discredits it. This theory is greatly flawed because it ignores a great part of the story. It is a classical example of approaching the evidence with a preconceived theory and selecting only those facts which support your view and rejecting all others. Some examples of ignored facts are that there were four highly trained executioners that verified JesusÐ ¢ death (John 19.32) and whos mistakes would have probably cause them there lives; another ignored fact is that the stone that covered the tomb was way to heavy for Jesus to roll away on His own, and even if He would have been able to, the tomb was heavily guarded (John 19.38) so that there was no way Jesus could have snuck out unnoticed. This list of ignored facts could go on and on for quite a while. With all the medical and scientific evidence that we have present today, confirming the events story of the crucifixion, as written in the Bible, and that Jesus did really die, is not very hard. Even in the case of someone brutally executed on a Roman cross two million years ago, medical evidence can still make a crucial contribution. Jesus death was the result of the contribution of many different events. Each event can be proved credible as follows. The first event took place in the garden of Gethsemane. Matthew 26.6 describes Jesus as sorrowful and deeply distressed as He prayed to His father. There is no doubt that Jesus knew what was going to happen to him the next day. In fact, it scarred Him so much, that He began to sweat blood (Luke 22.44). Many skeptics have claimed this physically impossible and used it to argue against the credibility of the Bible. But, according to Alexander Metherell, M.D, P.H.D, this is a know medical condition called hematidrosis associated with a hig h degree of psychological stress. He also claims that it would have made Jesus skin extremely fragile making him very sensitive to the floggings of the following day. Historians have concluded that Roman floggings were horribly brutal. Jesus would have been stripped of his clothes and then whipped with a flagrum that consisted of a sturdy handle to which were attached long leather thongs that had sharp jagged pieces of bone and lead woven into them. According to Dr. C. Truman Davis, this would have resulted I Jesus back, shoulders, and legs looking like an unrecognizable mass of torn, bleeding tissue, with skin hanging in long ribbons. After this, according to Roman tradition, a prisoner such as Jesus would have been mocked by the Roman soldiers. We can witness this in Mark 15.16-20. Verse 20 also says that a crown of thorns was placed on His head and verse 19, that he was beaten with a reed. According to Metherell, these events alone would have been enough to kill a man. But Jesus did not expire, not yet at least. He went on to endure much greater torture. Although not dead, Jesus did not walk away unharmed. Metherell says that Jesus would have faced the crucifixion while already in hypovolemic shock, meaning that He was suffering the effects of loosing a large amount of blood. Some of these effects described by Metherell are described in the gospels: blood pressure drops, causing fainting or collapse we see in Mat. 27.32 that Simon had to carry the crossbar for Jesus because He collapsed and could not carry it any further. Person becomes thirsty as the body craves fluids to replace the lost blood volume. In the John 19 we read about Jesus saying, I thirst and then being offered sour wine. Because of the terrible effects of this beating, theres no question that Jesus was already in serious to critical condition even before the nails were driven through his hands and feet. For many years critics argued that nails werent used to crucify a person, but that instead ropes were used. It wasnt until1968 that the Archaeologist V. Tzaferis discovered four cave-tombs just north of Jerusalem that put an end to these criticss argument. In one of these tombs, well-preserved bodies containing nails that pierced their wrists and ankles were found. These nails would have been driven through some major nerves and caused Jesus unbearable pain, so unbearable in fact, that a new word had to be invented to describe it: Excruciating meaning out of the cross. Metherell says that because of the way Jesus was hanging, His shoulders would have become easily dislocated therefore fulfilling the prophesy in Psalm 22.14. Usually the final thing that kills a person being crucified, including Jesus in this case, is asphyxiation Crucifixion is essentially an agonizingly slow death of asphyxiation leading to a heart attack. When a person is hanging on a cross, in order to exhale, an individual must push up on his feet to release the tension on his muscles. Eventually this person would be to exhausted to do this, which would prevent him from breathing. As a person slows down his breathing, he goes into what is called respiratory acidosis causing the acidity of the blood to increase, and leading to an irregular heartbeat. Eventually this person would have died of Cardiac arrest. The biggest piece of evidence that Jesus truly died is that blood and water were seen flowing from Jesus when He was stabbed in the side (John 19.34). The idea that water flew out is completely rejected, but Metherell claims that this fluid only appeared to be water, but was actually pericardial and pleural effusion. These clear fluids surround the heart (peri) and lungs (pleural) in great quantities when there is heart failure so that when ruptured by the spear they would have gushed out. They would have appearing as water, and then would have been followed by a lot of flowing blood. This gives John great credibility as an eyewitness, and proves that Jesus was in fact dead. Even if we pretend that Jesus was able to survive through all this abuse, assuming that a cool tomb would resuscitate Him rather than just finish Him off is assuming too much. Also, one has to take in account that Jesus would have had to escape his linen wrappings (Mat. 27.59), roll the huge rock away from the tomb entrance, and get by the guards (as mentioned before), all on pierced wrists and ankles. I conclude by confidently saying that the Swoon theory is completely flawed and must be discredited. It ignores the deadly character of the wounds inflicted upon Jesus, the frightful lacerations of the hands and feet, the loss of strength through the ebbing away of blood, the hopelessness of human aid during the critical moments when it would be most needed, the tight-drawn bandage of the grave, the heavy stone. But even if Jesus did accomplish all of this, there is no way that the disciples would have claimed Him the Risen Lord and Conqueror of death while seeing Him in the pathetic conditions he was left in. Instead, they would have felt sorry for Him.

The Promotion of Justice

The Promotion of Justice Justice is a broad concept that basically refers to acts of fairness as a way of creating order of philosophies within a society. â€Å"It is basically a concept of moral rightness that is based on ethics, natural law, fairness or equity, religion and rationality along with the provision of punishment for the breach of such said ethics† (Rawls Kelly, 2001, p. 4). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Promotion of Justice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The perceptions of justice are vast and they explain the changing theological, philosophical and legal reflections and debates over time. The understandings of justice are influenced by factors such as culture which limit the unitary description of justice (Lane, 1993). This means that what appears just in one society may be perceived as unjust in another. Ideally, different authors and theorists have developed theories that seek to explain the concept of just ice. The different variations and theories of justice include: utilitarian justice, retributive justice, distributive justice, restorative and societal justice. The actual question in justice is whether the consideration to be made is first of all for the overall justice of the society or the individual (Rawls Kelly, 2001). It is therefore necessary for the government to be involved in the promotion of justice based on the need for objectivity, fairness and clear interpretation and implementation of law. The Role of the Government in Promoting Justice The promotion of justice needs to be based on objectivity and fairness (Rawls Kelly, 2001). The government is elected by the people for their representation. This means that the people expect the government to represent their interests objectively. The functions of the government of promoting justice are instituted through various organs and bodies set by the government but through the appointment of independent individuals to run them. These bodies form the judicial system which has the mandate of interpreting the law as well as other systems that deal with matters of equity. This is so crucial especially due to the diverse theories of justice. The government ensures that these judicial systems are accorded independence to ensure justice while the bodies are set to handle different matters with the ability of appealing to such judgments and to file a suit against the state (Lane, 1993).Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The general presumption is that transparency is necessary with checks and balance in place. The justification for the role of the government in the promotion of justice is based on the objectivity and nature of society’s interactions for which law is set up. The fact that justice is about fairness would mean the application of the majority rule. The government is thus necessar y because it is the only institution that can ensure the protection of the minority since it is bound by the law through the protection of the constitutional rights and freedoms of all individuals (Lane, 1993). The governmental function of governance and implementation of policies is just a part of promotion of justice. The other perspective in this matter is that the government is instituted for the service of all people and this includes the mandate of ensuring that justice is promoted. The maintenance of justice is very necessary despite the changes in the society. The fact that the government changes with time means that it is the best for the promotion of justice at the time. The other justification for the responsibility of the government in the promotion of justice is that people bestow confidence on the government through elections. Further, international bodies expect the governments to set goals of development which are necessary for governments to promote justice in the governance and the implementation of policies. The ability of the government to be scrutinized enables it to be objective and make the best decisions. Therefore, justice can be adequately promoted. It is worth noting that the government of any nation has a duty of funding the judicial institutions. Reference List Lane, Giles. 1993. Government, Justice and Contempt. New York: University Press of America. Rawls, John and Kelly, Erin. 2001. Justice as Fairness: a restatement. Harvard: Harvard University Press.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Promotion of Justice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Celebrity Influences Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Celebrity Influences - Case Study Example incorporating skills such as singing, advertisements are made attractive, impacting the minds of consumers; forcing them to choose that product over its competitors. Celebrity endorsed product gets the fan base of the superstar by default due to the fans love and loyalty to the celebrity. Moreover, Celebrity advertisements gain tremendous amount of PR coverage through all forms of media, further broadening the product market. Conversely, using celebrities, at times, can exacerbate the market for a product. Fame is ephemeral. A celebrity who loses fame is only as influential as any other hired actor for advertising. Furthermore, controversial celebrities affect the credibility of the product they advocate. Celebrity images that do not complement the product such as a tennis star in a wine advertisement instill a negative reaction from consumers. Moreover, frequently, celebrity advertisements aggrandize only the celebritys popularity, overshadowing the product itself. The Beatles, even today, are famous but nobody knows about the wine they once promoted. Pepsi has experimented with a number of celebrities for its marketing. More often than not, it has suffered from tarnished celebrity images and inappropriate choices such as that of Madonna, Michael Jackson and Spears. However, it has also had successful marketing through celebrities such as Tendulkar. While celebrities do grab consumers psychologically, it is eventually the quality of the product that determines the market. Consumers today are aware of marketing tactics such as celebrity endorsements and so put emphasis on product quality. Hence, for an old brand like Pepsi, with a well established market, advertisements with celebrities are not

Establishing a Learning Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Establishing a Learning Community - Essay Example onger the world they have known; that the nation, and indeed the world, is undergoing deep and ever-accelerating changes; and that even the community or neighborhood in which they live no longer offers the comfort of continuity. One need only meet disadvantaged minority individuals, without the skills or abilities to participate in a society that does not recognize them, or elderly citizens, attempting to live in an environment they do not understand, to find people who have already lost most meaningful relationships with society. (Barge, 2003) They and many others in our communities are in such precarious positions because they are no longer able to cope with a changing environment. Change, accelerated by technological development, is affecting individuals and organizations at a rate never before experienced in the history of mankind. When life was simpler, one generation could pass along to the next what it needed to know to get along in the world; tomorrow was simply a repeat of yesterday. Individuals must now live in several different worlds during their lifetimes. (Kress, 2006) A new civilization is upon us, and it will reshape the whole nations character. A variety of forces quickens the pace of change. Americans will have to greatly increase the occupational mobility; a rise in the knowledge industries has to take place; computerized wireless hookups will be used by businesses, industries, and government agencies; people will have more leisure time, and jobs will be more customized. While some of the forces will be quite disruptive, others will offer opportunities to strengthen social and economic fabrics. (Sivers, 2003) Who would have believed that the doomsayers of the 1950s and 1960s were right about the rapid decline of natural resources and the explosion of population? America is truly and surely a country in crisis. America is convulsed by urban violence, illiteracy, homelessness, high deficits, unemployment, an increasing disparity between the

Business Strategy and Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Strategy and Organization - Essay Example The strategic coalition with industry's professional's commitment to delivering the right manufacturing product to targeted consumer with cost effective approaches (Klijn 2007). Therefore, the current market industry efforts are in the strategic management performance with regards to a focused platform of customer satisfaction. The approach is a review of the competitive advantages of the overall site process methods. The measures make it clear that what are the best practices to use in today's social networking industry from the original concept of stages of quality strategic management system. The approach will outline the fundamental concept of acknowledging the applied quality strategic management which would aim at the consumers. The defining of the competitor edge provides the platform to reassure that the gained research data on networking is implemented successfully. The current market industry analysis for competitive organizations is to acquire an IT structure that delivers results in a business application industry through phases. The advantages are in the platform of using a synergy with the SaaS innovation, in order to form creative IT technology. This approach provides for a method to increasing sales in the targeted market. The IT technology offered by the industry is to present the product/service to a winning strategy for a long lasting effort to reach the market industry standards goals. The current industry role in modeling the three main phases of outputting the business applications for consumers are inputs, performances, and outcomes: Inputs Performances Outcomes Entry of user and passwords Quantity of work Confirmation of authorization Time assess to transfer Quality of work Concluded access Security Safety rules/regulation Variety of Benefits High level Platform Game Levels Extended areas of focus data Key areas sorted Demonstrated ability Data relayed New level fields Manageability Signed off conclusion of data Joined links Faster deliver Visual data displayed Figure A. According to Lynch's (2009) article, the Dell Corporation focused on low cost leadership in the computer industry that relied on operations and manufacturing skills. This approach provides the fundamental concept of current market industry trends to be succeeding in business on different platforms. The industry target market that represents businesses sizes of 500k-1million with a customer base of 3,500 to 8,000 can proactively hone on the beneficial aspects to delivering applications that address market concerns (Informationweek.com 2009). The industry competitive review of the concepts presented the streamline of criterion that allows a steady formation to synergize the core attributes of the product and service. The strategic fundamental aspect of establishing a strong IT strategic management scope within the organization is to achieve the desired goals and results. The IT strategic management scope can accomplish tasks outside of the normal activities within the confinement of the organization to acquire the outcome. The SaaS objective in the current market is too solely initiative IT management protocols for a successful implementation of a proposed plan initiative. The business identified industry competit

From Strategy to Business Essay Example for Free

From Strategy to Business Essay Strategy scholars have used the notion of the Business Model to refer to the ‘logic of the firm’ e how it operates and creates value for its stakeholders. On the surface, this notion appears to be similar to that of strategy. We present a conceptual framework to separate and relate the concepts of strategy and business model: a business model, we argue, is a reflection of the firm’s realized strategy. We find that in simple competitive situations there is a one-to-one mapping between strategy and business model, which makes it difficult to separate the two notions. We show that the concepts of strategy and business model differ when there are important contingencies on which a well-designed strategy must be based. Our framework also delivers a clear distinction between strategy and tactics, made possible because strategy and business model are different constructs. Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction The ï ¬ eld of strategy has evolved substantially in the past twenty-ï ¬ ve years. Firms have learned to analyze their competitive environment, deï ¬ ne their position, develop competitive and corporate advantages, and understand better how to sustain advantage in the face of competitive challenges and threats. Different approaches including industrial organization theory, the resource-based view, dynamic capabilities and game theory have helped academicians and practitioners understand the dynamics of competition and develop recommendations about how ï ¬ rms should deï ¬ ne their competitive and corporate strategies. But drivers such as globalization, deregulation and technological change (to mention only a few) are profoundly changing the competitive game. Scholars and practitioners agree that the fastest growing ï ¬ rms in this new environment appear to be those that have taken advantage of  these structural changes to innovate in their business models so they can compete ‘differently’. IBM’s Global CEO Studies for 2006 and 2008, for example, show that top management in a broad range of industries are actively seeking guidance on how to innovate in their business models to improve their ability to both create and capture value.1 In addition to the business model innovation drivers noted above, much recent interest has come from two other environmental shifts. Advances in ICT have been a major force behind the recent 0024-6301/$ see front matter.interest in business model innovation. Many e-businesses are based on new business models e Shafer, Smith and Linder ï ¬ nd that eight of the twelve recent business model deï ¬ nitions they present relate to e-business.2 New strategies for the ‘bottom of the pyramid’ in emerging markets have also steered researchers and practitioners towards the systematic study of business models. Academicians working in this area agree that ï ¬ rms need to develop novel business models to be effective in such speciï ¬ c and challenging environments (see work by Thompson and MacMillan, as well as by Yunus et al. in this issue), and socially motivated enterprises constitute a second important source of recent business model innovations. Advances in ICT and the demands of socially motivated enterprises constitute important sources of recent business model innovations. While it has become uncontroversial to argue that managers must have a good understanding of how business models work if their organizations are to thrive, the academic community has only offered early insights on the issue to date, and there is (as yet) no agreement as to the distinctive features of superior business models. We believe this is partly because of a lack of a clear distinction between the notions of strategy, business models and tactics, and the purpose of this article is to contribute to this literature by presenting an integrative framework to distinguish and relate these three concepts. Put succinctly:  Business Model refers to the logic of the ï ¬ rm, the way it operates and how it creates value for its stakeholders; and  Strategy refers to the choice of business model through which the ï ¬ rm will compete in the marketplace; while  Tactics refers to the residual choices open to a ï ¬ rm by virtue of the business model it chooses to employ. To integrate these three concepts, we introduce a generic two-stage competitive process framework, as depicted in Figure 1. In the ï ¬ rst stage, ï ¬ rms choose a ‘logic of value creation and value capture’ (i.e., choose their business model), and in the second, make tactical choices guided by their goals (which, in most cases, entail some form of stakeholder value maximization). Figure 1 thus presents our organizing framework: the object of strategy is the choice of business model, and the business model employed determines the tactics available to the ï ¬ rm to compete against, or cooperate with, other ï ¬ rms in the marketplace. The article is organized as follows. In the next section we deï ¬ ne and discuss the notion of business models and present a tool to represent them, while the following section considers the stage two ‘choice’ in our framework, presenting and discussing the notion of tactics in relation to that of business model. The following section then moves back to examine the ï ¬ rst e strategy e stage, after which we revisit our process framework to integrate the three notions. We discuss the connection between strategy and business model, arguing that both notions can be clearly separated. A detailed example is developed in the following stage, followed by some concluding remarks. Business models Although the expression ‘business model’ has gained in prominence only in the last decade, the term has been part of the business jargon for a long time, its origins going back to the writings of Peter Drucker. Although (as Markides points out) there is no widely accepted deï ¬ nition, Magretta deï ¬ nes business models as ‘stories that explain how enterprises work’, and follows Drucker in deï ¬ ning ‘a good business model’ as the one that provides answers to the following questions: ‘Who is the customer and what does the costumer value?’ and ‘What is the underlying economic logic that explains how we can deliver value to customers at an appropriate cost?’ While not formal, her implicit idea is that a business model is about how an organization earns money by addressing these two fundamental issues e how it identiï ¬ es and creates value for customers, and how it captures some of this value as its proï ¬ t in the process. Amit and Zott’s deï ¬ nition, in contrast, is less broad (as it focuses on e-businesses) but more precise. Reviewing the contributions of several theories including virtual markets, Schumpeterian innovation, value chain analysis, the resource-based view of the ï ¬ rm, dynamic capabilities,  transaction cost economics and strategic networks they point out that each contributes elements to the notion, but that none, by itself, explains business models completely. They analyze a sample of U.S. and European e-business models to highlight the drivers of value creation, and present the following integrative deï ¬ nition: ‘A business model depicts the content, structure, and governance of transactions designed so as to create value through the exploitation of business opportunities.’ The content of a transaction refers to the goods or information exchanged, as well as to resources and capabilities required; the structure refers to the parties that participate, their links, and the way they choose to operate, and governance refers to the way ï ¬â€šows of information, resources and goods are controlled by the relevant parties, the legal form of organization, and the incentives to the participants.5 In this issue, they build on this deï ¬ nition to propose an ‘activity system perspective’ for the design of business models, arguing that activity systems capture the essence of business models and proposing two sets of aspects for designers to consider: design elements (content, structure and governance) that describe the activity system’s architecture, and design themes (novelty, lock-in, complementarities, and efï ¬ ciency) that describe its sources of value creation. The common thread across all of these approximations to the notion of busin ess model is well captured by BadenFuller, MacMillan, Demil and Lecocq in their deï ¬ nition ‘the logic of the ï ¬ rm, the way it operates and how it creates value for its stakeholders’, and we adopt their deï ¬ nition as the starting point for our argument. To make progress toward understanding business models, we ï ¬ nd it helpful to use the analogy of a machine e by which we mean a mechanical device that transmits energy to perform tasks. (Of course, real organizations are different from machines in many important respects, but the comparison is helpful, especially to our thinking in contrasting the notions of strategy and business models.) Any given machine has a particular logic of operation (the way the different components are assembled and relate to one another), and operates in a particular way to create value for its user. To be more concrete, different automobile designs have different speciï ¬ c logics of operation conventional engines operate quite differently from hybrids, and  standard transmissions from automatics and create different value for their ‘stakeholders,’ the drivers. Some may prefer a small car that allows them to navigate congested city streets easily, while others may prefer a large SUV with a powerful engine to enjoy the countryside to the fullest. Automobiles are made of parts wheels, engines, seats, electronics, windshields, and the like. To assess how well a particular automobile works or to create a new one one must consider its components and how they relate to one another, just as, to better understand business models, one needs to understand their component parts and their relationships. (We return to this analogy during the paper: readers will gain more value from it if they understand the design and building of the car as representing strategy; the car itself as the business model; and the driving of the car as the available set of tactics.)